From my own experience, start with lessons. Before starting, that person should be able to suggest used clubs that should work for you. 7 clubs are enough to get started. From there, you can add fitted clubs as they match your increasing skill.
Tin Cup played a tournament with a 7 iron. Sure, that is Hollywood, but the concept of learning the basic clubs rather than 14 at the beginning will make it easier.

I'm not sure that there is an accurate answer for this question as your swing will determine which clubs are best for a beginner. Regardless of experience level, there are so many factors that go into club choice. Swing speed, launch angle, etc. are all factors in determining your distance, dispersal, and descent angle. Clubs will not fix a swing, but they will help you generate more distance, tighter dispersion of your shots, and the optimal descent of the golf ball to stop where you want it to stop.

See a fitter and they will get you into the right head, shaft, and grip combo.

Might consider getting a 7, 8, 9, PW, SW and 3 wood and putter, used. Get some lessons and practice. As you get proficient get fitted for a set.